Megger’s Article Response Essay Example for Free

Megger’s Article Response Essay Betty J. Meggers article, Environmental Limitation on the Development of Culture, examines how environmental habitats directly affect and influence culture. Meggers discusses the differing environmental types and its resulting effect on the people and their cultural development. Her theoretical framework is grounded on the idea that the relationship between culture and its environment is not only based in terms of subsistence (802), but largely to a culture’s experience with diffusion (822). Diffusion can best be defined as a process in which a cultural trait, idea, or behavior is spread from one society to another. While she does believe that the relative strength or weakness of an environment to provide a suitable means for food production affects the adaptation and advancement of a culture, she also believes that cultural diffusion plays a vital role as well. According to Meggers, the general belief is that environmental potentiality is the sole conditioner of cultural development (801). The span of environmental habitats into classified into 4 environmental types, ranging from Type 1 environments, which have the least agricultural potential, to Type 4 environments, which have unlimited agricultural potential. Meggers does generally seem to agree that the environmental type can set limitations on the level of development a culture is able to obtain (816). Because Type 1 environments have the least agricultural potential, tribes must subsist mainly by hunting, fishing, and gathering. Cultures that live in Type 1 environments are relatively small in population size and tend to lead more of a nomadic lifestyle, a necessary part of life because they must continually follow their food source. As a result, their existence is noticeably simplistic because their primary focus is on satisfying only their very basic needs such as shelter and food. This type of environment results in a culture where social organization and technology is very limited in scope. The nomadic lifestyle necessitates that tribes remain relatively small, therefore making the single family the basic social unit. Additionally, technology remains limited to only the most essential tools and utensils due to the limited resources available. According to Meggers, Type 1 and Type 2 environments seem to prohibit cultural advancement because of the limitations imposed on a culture by the environment and the general lack of a suitable source of diffusion. Conversely, Type 4 environments have unlimited agricultural potential because they possess all the ideal conditions necessary for sustaining agriculture. Meggers calls Type 4 environments the â€Å"cradles of civilization† (804) because of their ability to develop and implement the technology necessary to sustain an agriculturally based lifestyle. Type 4 environments are typified by their complex social organization and cultural advancements. Meggers states that Type 4 civilizations are elaborate due to their intensive production of food and the necessary means of distribution. However, Meggers also believes that success of Type 3 and Type 4 environments to advance culturally is also heavily influenced by diffusion across cultures, or a cultures relative exposure and adoption of differing cultural norms, beliefs, and behaviors.

Joseph Stalin :: essays research papers

JOSEPH STALIN: TYRANT OF STEEL Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (a.k.a. Joseph Stalin), was the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953. Although Stalin’s reign in power did not begin immediately his contribution to government began in 1912, and from then on he slowly rose to the high chain of command. Stalin’s long and troublesome road to absolute power had many steps that marked important events in the Soviet Union’s condition but they did not always improve the life of his people. Stalin’s first position in government began in 1898 when he joined a secret Marxist revolutionary group and became involved in many demonstrations. In 1901 Stalin began writing for the Brdzola which published many of his revolutionary articles and ideas. At the end of 1901, he was formally accepted into the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. Between the years of 1902 and 1913 Stalin was arrested and exiled many times for countless crimes and as a result in 1907 he was expelled from the Social Democratic Labor Party. However, his luck changed in 1912 when Lenin appointed Stalin to the Bolshevik Central Committee. In addition, he was given various commands and was appointed to the position of people’s commissar for nationalities. After proving himself at this position, he was assigned the position of commissar of workers’ and peasants’ inspection. He finally gained the power he desired most in 1922, when he became general secretary of the Central Committee. With this position Stalin was able to control appointments, set agendas, and transfer officials and increase his own power. When Lenin died in 1924, Stalin used the current power he attained and crushed his opponents to become the dictator in 1929. Stalin used his new authority to try and make the Soviet Union a world power so that no enemies could destroy his nation. When he first took over, he began a series of five-year plans. The first plan was to industrialize the country, however, the production of machinery and farm equipment became more important than the production of household items and necessities such as clothing and food. Secondly, Stalin wanted to use collectivization to increase the production of agricultural products and to end private farming. Stalin also decided to transfer the control of the farms to the government, and as a result, caused a severe resistance in the peasant class especially the kulaks. The measures taken by Stalin to discipline those who opposed his authority were either exiled, or executed as well as a great famine killed 10 million peasants (1932-33).

Philosophy Assignment Essay

Philosophy Creative Assignment: Anticipating possible negative consequences or weaknesses of the proposed political system In the leadership of any political system, there will always be possible weaknesses. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate these possible weaknesses or problems and try to correct them as much as possible. Concerning our proposed political system, which is aristocracy, several flaws or negative consequences may arise. Firstly, the leaders are divorced from the society of Springfield and they may not know what the people of Springfield actually need. The leaders are given absolute authority in running the society because only rulers have been identified as competent rulers who have passed all tests and undergone relevant training. However, as these leaders make governmental policies, they may fail to take into consideration what the people really need, especially since the people of the other classes, the laborer and the warrior classes, cannot challenge these leaders’ administration. To mitigate the negative effects of this problem, changes can be made to the proposed political system in the long term. A biannual meeting session between the leaders and selected people of the other classes can be introduced, whereby these people can raise their needs and concerns. That way, the leaders will know some, if not most or all of the major concerns and needs of the citizens of Springfield through the session, and this will go a long way in helping the leaders craft their governmental policies to address the needs of the citizens of Springfield. Another possible negative consequence which may arise from the proposed political system is that there will be no upward social mobility for the people of Springfield. Due to aristocracy, the people will be grouped into either one of the three different classes, the rulers, the warriors and the laborers. Once the people are grouped into their respective classes, there is no way for these people to make a switch in their roles, and this means the warriors and laborers are unable to rise in status and income no matter what. As these people will not enjoy any upward movement of the socio-economic ladder despite the effort they put into their jobs, unhappiness may become rife and many of the people who are reward-driven may produce slipshod work. All these will eventually lead to undesirable consequences, such as low productivity of the people. To tackle this possible negative consequence, the proposed political system (aristocracy) can be modified to allow people of the warrior and laborer classes to freely choose their roles and switch their roles, but with valid reasons (permanent injury to a warrior etc.). This way, the people of Springfield will be more contented with their roles since the roles they choose would suit their preferences and needs. Thus, the possibility of unhappiness among the people is minimized and productivity of the people will be maintained or even increase. Furthermore, as society progresses, the people of Springfield would be happy and contented and would not hesitate to put in their utmost effort into their roles to ensure that Springfield continues to prosper in the future. Word count: 498 words.

exploring rhetorical modes 2 Essays - 739 Words

University of Phoenix Material Exploring Rhetorical Modes Rhetorical Modes Worksheet Chart Complete the following worksheet on rhetorical modes for academic essays using the information shared in â€Å"Use Effective Methods of Development† in The Everyday Writer Plus. Rhetorical Mode Explain in your own words (using complete sentences) when a writer would use this mode. Narrative Narrative is telling a story to someone with a lot of detail. Description Description writing paints a picture with vivid details. Definition Definition is defining a word or concept. Process Process is when you write something in a certain order, like a timeline. Problem and solution Problem and solution gives a detailed plan on how the problem can be†¦show more content†¦Complete the following chart using your selected rhetorical mode in order to narrow down a topic and create a clear path to Week 2 assignments. Question: Your response, in at least 25 words using complete sentences: Which rhetorical mode (comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and persuasive) are you using for your essay? Why? I chose to do cause and effect for my essay. I think it will fit best with the topic I chose- The effect domestic violence has on children. In your own words, define the mode you chose. Cause and effect is more descriptive in my opinion. Also shows readers just like it says the cause and effect of a topic. How is an essay for this rhetorical mode organized (i.e. what does it include, etc.)? You would have the cause first than show the effect with tons of detail and information. Using the examples from the chapters provided on your mode of choice, share a topic choice of your own that would work well for this mode (feel free to explore multiple topics, if desired). The effect domestic violence has on children Domestic Violence Alcoholism Why would you like to explore this topic further? I was abused and saw my siblings get abused as well. Its apart of my past so I would like to explore this topic further. In order to narrow it down properly, discuss what aspect of this topic will you focus on (i.e. what specifically would you like your readers to learn from your essay)? I want them to learnShow MoreRelatedThe Main Characteristics Of Emerson s Ideal Education1044 Words   |  5 Pagesare two main factors that must be balanced in education. The two facts are â€Å"Genius and Drill.† Emerson thinks in an ideal educational setting students will be rewarded for exploring new material. Drill is needed to balance the student. In order to maximize the learning of the student they must follow certain rules of society. 2. Emerson gives ideas that would be extraordinarily helpful for a child’s first teacher. When a child enters school for the first time they are very nervous. They have neverRead MoreBeyond Visual Metaphor. a New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising9528 Words   |  39 Pagescom/content/4/1-2/113 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Marketing Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://mtq.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://mtq.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://mtq.sagepub.com/content/4/1-2/113.refs.html Downloaded from mtq.sagepub.com by Silvia Dumitru on October 11, 2010 Volume 4(1/2): 113–136Read More John Donnes The Sun Rising Essay example2262 Words   |  10 Pagesoverall theme: the centrality of human love amidst a permanent physical universe. In an essay entitled John Donne, Achsah Guibbory supports this reading of the poem, stating, The world of love contains everything of value; it is the only one worth exploring and possessing. Hence the microcosmic world of love becomes larger and more important than the macrocosm (135). [T]he lovers room, Toshihiko Kawasaki observes similarly, is a microcosm because it is private and self-contained, categoricallyRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pageswait for the advent of a new species of philosophers, such as somehow another and converse taste and propensity from those we have known so far--philosophers of the dangerous maybe in every sense. (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, sec 2.) This will not be one more lament for the sad state of contemporary American poetry. Yet to define some of the basic strengths of new work I have to begin with what seems like a lament. For perhaps the most important invigorating element for contemporariesRead MoreCreativity in Literacy Practices2398 Words   |  10 Pages THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. HoweverRead MoreCreativity in Literacy Practices2408 Words   |  10 PagesCREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. HoweverRead More Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room - Jacob Flanders, Many Things to Many Readers4383 Words   |  18 Pagesone-to-one mimetic method of conventional Victorian and Edwardian realism. Uniquely self-conscious and conscious of self, Woolf was attracted to exploring new modes of characterization, fictional consciousness, and epistemology. She is especially interested in exploring the nature, communication, and limits of fictional knowledge. Woolfs idiosyncratic mode of characterization in Jacobs Room is the epistemological complement in fiction to Eliots formula for emotional expression in poetry, the objectiveRead More The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Womenâ⠂¬â„¢s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis1812 Words   |  8 Pagesanchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Pope’s aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular attention to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic choice signifies Pope’s concern regarding the inherent value of different arts.Read MoreCard 405- Rough Draft Portfolio1921 Words   |  8 Pages Education 1. Plan of Study DeVry University Sherman Oaks, CA Business Administration concentration Health Services Management BSBA candidate June 2013 Dean’s List 2. Course Description ACCT 212 Financial Accounting This course focuses on ways in which financial statements reflect business operations and emphasizes use of financial statements in the decision-making process. The course encompasses all businessRead More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesphotographer and subject to the fragility of a shared moment and to a realization of lifes uncertainties. Photographs are also cultural products, and others have theorized the photograph in ways that reflect the role and function of photographs as a mode of communication in the cultural and political apparatus. They focus on the ideological in cultural theory in the context of theories of culture and cultural production (Berger, 1980; Burgin, 1982; Mitchell, 1994). Thus, photography as cultural or

The Relationship between Science and Religion - 814 Words

When one thinks of religion, Christianity may come to mind. And when one talks about science, Galileo’s name will most likely be mentioned. The relationship between science and religion has had a long complex history. Both strived to answer and explain the way the world and the universe came to exist and why it functions the way it does. However, one subject relies on the supernatural world while the other on the physical world. Christianity, Judaism and other Western religions played a major role in the development of science. Theologians helped determined what theories should be acceptable to the public and other scientist. The most memorable events in history are Galileo’s trial by the Inquisition and the controversy surrounding Darwin’s theory of evolution. Many great scientists were in fact devout in their religions and tried to accommodate religious faith and be flexible with their theories. At the same time, others tried to find a way to connect new discov eries to a divine plan. When the passages of the Bible, for example, were translated literally, it led to conflict between what was thought to be the divine truth and what was proven to be true. Has the religion really shaped the foundation of science or has science transformed what is now believed to be the difference between the supernatural and the natural? In Christianity, a sacred text known as the Bible tells of historical stories of greater meaning and was alleged written under divine inspiration. Its mainShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Science And Religion Essay2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe relationship between science and religion as Western categories of thought has long been fraught with tension; academics suggest that the conflict between religion and science arose in the 17th century, as a result of the Galileo Affair, and continued into the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Others, however, suggest that the dispute between the two systems of belief may even be t raced as far back as classical antiquity. Even today, it is clear that tensions endure between academics unableRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science1339 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout modern times, philosophers have debated the relationship between religion and science. For example, the question has been raised whether science and religion give the same kind of knowledge, thus competing with one another. The alternate view is that they give different kinds of knowledge, thereby complementing one another. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who addressed this issue. A bit later, the English philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) similarly discussed the kindsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science907 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between religion and science is indubitably debated. Barbour describes four ways of viewing this relationship (conflict, independence, dialogue--religion explains what science cannot, and integration-- religion and science overlap). Gould presents a case in which religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), that the two entities teach different things and therefore do not conflict. The subject of this essay is Worrall, who says that religion and science does conflictRead MoreThe Relationship between Science and Religion755 Words   |  4 Pages　　The Relationship between Science and Religion 　　The relationship between science and religion will be analyzed in the following three aspects: conflict, compartmentalization and complementariness. 　　Conflict 　　An essential question on our own existence is bound to evoke our curiosity: where did we come from? Charles Darwin, in his theory of evolution, believed that human being was evolved from apes. However, the Genesis in Bible considered that human was created by God. Undoubtedly, it is impossibleRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion950 Words   |  4 PagesWithin philosophy, there has long been a question about the relationship between science and religion. These two systems of human experience have undoubtedly had a lot of influence in the course of mankind’s development. The philosopher Ian Barbour created a taxonomy regarding science and religion that has become widely influential. His taxonomy postulates that there are four ways in which science and religion are thought to interact. The four categories are: conflict, independence, dialogue, andRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion901 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy of consciousness bring s an interesting twist into the relationship between science and religion. Humans standalone from all other creatures because we are conscious, this indicates to some people that there has to be a higher power. When studying the evolution of humans, we find that we are so much more advanced than any other known creature on the planet. This article attempts to explain the relationship between science and religion and the few unexplained things in the universe that prove thereRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science1056 Words   |  5 Pages100 October 4, 2014 Western Individualism What is the relationship between religion and science? In his book, Consilience, Edward O. Wilson aims to find a unified theory of knowledge. Consilence also seeks to show how science is superior to and can replace religion. In this paper, I intend to show how Wilson understands this relationship and science as well as how. as well as show John Stuart Mill would agree or disagree with Wilson. Science â€Å"aims to save the spirit, not by surrender but by theRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe relationship between the philosophies of science and religion has long been a contentious topic in both popular and scholastic discourse. While some individuals engaging in this debate suggest that the relationship between the two disciplines is one of direct opposition, others propose that the two disciplines are in fact compatible or too dissimilar to be in conflict. While this debate raged, certain academics attempted to find a way to solve the apparent conflict between science and religionRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion3252 Words   |  14 Pageshe relationship between science and religion is a very interesting and complex one, and has changed quite a lot over the course of human history. In order to competently understand this relationship, it is necessary to have a rudimentary knowledge of the fundamental method s and aims of each discipline. Though the relationship between science and religion has changed a lot over time, what has not changed is the fact that the two disciplines are diametrically opposed to each other in many ways, havingRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion1481 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod of inductive logic. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) allowed science and theology to each have their own sovereign realm. Conflicting ideas between science and religion began to develop during the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century people began to believe that all human knowledge was scientific knowledge. Research either proved or disproved theories of the earth’s origin. People began to question the supremacy of science on the basis of the very premises that brought it to power,

The Rise Of My Online Fashion Apparel Business And The...

Hypothetically, if I was given a death sentence for an unnamed crime tomorrow, and the judge, who sentenced me to death, gives me a single chance to redeem myself by telling a meaningful story that happened in my life. The story I’d tell wouldn’t be a tear jerking childhood story. Instead, I’d like to choose a real meaningful story that happened in recent time. That story would be the rise of my online fashion apparel business and the fall of it. The year was 2015, summer time, and I’d just graduated high school and became a fully fledged college student. I had three whole months of freedom before college would start in fall. I was very excited during that time as the free time would allow me to create and launch my own business. I’d†¦show more content†¦Their level of support was expected and I continued on anyway. Once I had the idea and business name, I started to prepare for launch day, which was September. I’d spend every singl e minute I had developing designs for the tees and prints that would go in the online store. Designing the artwork was not too difficult as I was fully comfortable with designing softwares ever since I was in middle school. Ideas for artwork was not too difficult either as they came crashing into my mind like meteors. My friends and family also helped out with some designs by criticizing them and chose which version was the best and etc. Once I’d finished designing enough artworks for the tees and prints, next up was creating the online store. I spent quite a lot of money on creating the website as they’re not very cheap. I found and spoke with a bunch of Vietnamese website developers from Vietnam that helped create the website. They were quite nice and surprisingly professional when dealing with my ego. It took us an entire month of August to perfect the website. There was much sweat and pressure as launch day was coming up soon. After the website was completed, my ne xt step was to finish up all of the paperwork that was needed for the business, and to advertise the snot out of my business to everyone. At last, my business launched in September of 2015. It was glorious to see visitors from every country with wallets begging to be spent on the store’s tees and prints. Time was

Make Prostitution Legal Essay Example For Students

Make Prostitution Legal Essay Prostitution Theory 101by Yvonne Abraham with Sarah McNaughtFew things have divided feminists as much as the sex industry. Theoristswho agree on a vast swath of issues economic equality, affirmativeaction, even sexual liberation often find themselves bitterly opposed overpornography and prostitution. Most 19th-century feminists opposed prostitution and considered prostitutesto be victims of male exploitation. But just as the suffragette andtemperance movements were bound together at the turn of the century, sotoo were feminist and contemporary moral objections to prostitution. Women, the argument went, were repositories of moral virtue, andprostitution tainted their purity: the sale of sex was, like alcohol, both causeand symptom of the decadence into which society had sunk. By the 1960s and 70s, when Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer assertedthat sexual liberation was integral to womens liberation, feminists werereluctant to oppose prostitution on moral grounds. Traditional morality, Greerargued, had helped to repress women sexually, had made their needssecondary to mens. That sexual subordination compounded womenseconomic and political subordination. Today, some feminists see hooking as a form of sexual slavery; others, as aroute to sexual self-determination. And in between are those who seeprostitution as a form of work that, like it or not, is here to stay. Radical feminists such as lawyer Catharine MacKinnon andantipornography theorist Andrea Dworkin oppose sex work in any form. By the 1960s and 70s, when Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer asserted that sexual liberation was integral to womens liberation, feminists were reluctant to oppose prostitution on moral grounds. Traditional morality, Greer argued, had helped to repress women sexually, had made their needs secondary to mens. That sexual subordination compounded womens economic and political subordination. Today, some feminists see hooking as a form of sexual slavery; others, as a route to sexual self-determination. And in between are those who see prostitution as a form of work that, like it or not, is here to stay. Radical feminists such as lawyer Catharine MacKinnon and antipornography theorist Andrea Dworkin oppose sex work in any form. They argue that it exploits women and reinforces their status as sexual objects, undoing many of the gains women have made over the past century. Others detect in this attitude a strain of neo-Victorianism, a condescending belief that prostitutes dont know what theyre doing and need somebody with more education to protect them. Some women, these dissenters point out, actually choose the profession. Feminists who question the antiprostitution radicals also point out that Dworkin and MacKinnon sometimes sound eerily like their nemeses on the religious right. Phyllis Schlafly, a rabid family-values crusader, has even cited Dworkin in her antipornography promotional materials. This kind of thing has not improved the radicals image among feminists. At the other extreme from Dworkin and MacKinnon are sex-radical feminists like Susie Bright and Pat Califia. They argue that sex work can be a good thing: a bold form of liberation for women, a way for some to take control of their lives. The problem there, though, is that the life of a prostitute is often more Leaving Las Vegas than Pretty Woman (see Pop Many feminists fall somewhere in between the rad-fem and sex-radical poles. Wendy Chapkis, professor of sociology and womens studies at the University of Southern Maine and the author of the Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labor (Routledge, 1997), is one of them. For nine years, Chapkis studied prostitution in California and the Netherlands, as well as in Britain and Finland, and conducted interviews with 50 sex workers. Chapkis says she sees the profession as it is: many of her interviews confirmed much of the ugliness that radical feminists abhor, as well as the empowerment that sex radicals perceive. I dont think prostitution is the ultimate in womens liberation, she says. But I think its better understood as work than as inevitably a form of sexual violence. What prostitutes need, she argues, is not a bunch of goody-goodies looking down on them, but decent working conditions. Chapkis believes prostitution should be decriminalized. Just because it can be lousy work doesnt mean it should be stamped out, she argues. After all, she says, there are lots of jobs in which women are underpaid, underappreciated, and exploited. Criminalizing the profession just exacerbates prostitutes problems by isolating them from the law and leaving them vulnerable to abusive pimps and johns. In a profession where women traditionally are not treated well, arent empowered, and should be able to go to the police for protection and assistance, she says, we make the police an extra obstacle, another threat. In the Netherlands, by contrast, where prostitution is decriminalized, police and prostitutes are on the same side: hookers speak at police academies to educate the officers about their work, and Chapkis says the communication pays off in safer working conditions for the women. But what .